Apply For Name Change In Canada

La Banca se rinde

Banks and finally are realizing that there is only a solution to all these homes that are entrenched in their balance sheets. Homes that have been accepted as payment of bad debts primarily by developers.

output, as shown in the news , is none other than a sharp drop in housing prices. The reason is that other measures have not worked, among which we can highlight the increase in VAT by mid-year and end of the home purchase tax credit for the end of 2010.

If not applicable to a significant drop in housing prices, they will stay in banks and savings banks, and Spain will sink into a depression chronified to the Japanese, with a lost economic decade. And just the experience of what happened in Japan has shown that this scenario must be avoided at all costs, and they think banks and building.

not forget that English banks and savings banks in turn have some debts with other entities worldwide. These debts to be refinanced periodically, and for this to be possible it is necessary that the English financial system is showing solid and healthy future. For this to be English and the economic environment must be to turn and future growth prospects. Quite the opposite of what is a depression in the Japanese as a solution to the housing bubble.

Sparks Microwave Green Beans

Demasiadas viviendas hasta 2015

The future of housing in Spain is pretty black for sellers. It has built much of what was needed for the housing bubble and now we have to see how long it takes to digest this surfeit of bricks.

A couple of news with regarding a study about addressing the issue are as follows:
www.invertia.com/noticias/articulo-final.asp?idNoticia=2432774
www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/11/17/ suvivienda/1289999649.html

words, the real estate sector will be stirred for at least 15 years, so be very careful with purchases and more if they are to invest. As best put the money on other more promising sectors, brick because you wait 15 years of wandering in the desert.

There are also plenty of housing for 5 years, so we should not be any trouble to buy, it safe to wait and see as trigger events. The more yes crisis lengthen the waiting time may be longer and more pronounced price falls.

the moment here and have at least a 20% discount compared to prices this year no one can avoid them. They are also required to get the remaining stock, because it is clear that without rebates are not going to sell.

What Is Needed For Jerky

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ROADS

political and economic concentration in the capital has been the biggest inheritance from the past century, as we enter the new century without us removed the cancerous tumor is centralism. The distrust of self-governing capacities of the regions, the capital's paranoia of territorial disintegration and the tradition of centralization in the capital have historically established concentration model that has stifled all efforts of the provinces and autonomous regions. However, we run the risk of being absorbed by a wicked poke in the past, perhaps because in the endless search for an explanation of our arrears, hoping to be exempted from liability to them?

it is time to face and "take the bull by the horns" implies first fully convinced that decentralization is the shortest path to development and, although there is talk of decentralization decades ago, today day is the only way in the absence of ideas and alternative proposals.

This concept - decentralization for development, has acquired an unusual importance to the phenomenon of globalization. We see countries that are blurred to regroup in supranational political and economic structures, while regions and cities to strengthen recover the identity and to compete for capital and technology. We all yearn to travel the roads of developing countries, where popular sovereignty, equality before the law and confidence in the power of local self-government and regional communities, are guiding principles in our country, longing which are more fervent in the circumstances so dramatic by crossing regions.

In our countries so far only been developed decentralized processes shy, but genuine decentralization that involves giving a self-governing regions chosen for the same region, with broad decision-making power and authority, budgetary resources managed by the same regions, enabling them to promote regional development based on their own interests and decisions. The proceeds of the tax, they are not equally redistributed among the regions, the capitals focus not only power but also profit. The central government in many years has shown the ability to formulate coherent policies based on decentralization to promote regional development, this shows that you can not manage the regions from hundreds of comfortable offices in the capital. The persistence of a regime viciously potential risks-fired power certainly debatable, the former has to do with economic stability not only of regions but the country as a whole, says Sergio Boissier "a country and a strong economy in the long run is a country of" strong regions. "exaggerated territorial macrocephaly is imcompatible with an economy to maintain its macroeconomic balances in time," another risk makes the regions potential sources of discontent, Alvin Toffler explains this in his famous book The Third Wave "Central governments in general continue to impose uniform policies aimed at a mass society, on public increasingly diverse and segmented. They forget or ignore local and individual needs, making the flames of resentment reached white-hot temperature. As demassification progresses we expect the centrifugal separatist forces threatening to intensify dramatically and the unity of many nation-states. "Such expressions seem to have been written with the current reality of our regions.

regional development strategies of tomorrow should not come from Lima or Santiago, if not be done in our regions. Those who live in the regions and we must not tolerate the arrival of instant experts of the capital, barely off the plane, not knowing our reality, are to offer their magic bullets to solve our regional problems, it offends our capabilities.

must take action, if we do we risk becoming complicit in the backwardness of our own regions. The responsibility for change is up to us. Are two choices: join the indolence of mere spectators or to say I play for my region but lose to save them. We begin with ourselves, learning to open our minds to the new, seemingly radical, as we begin to act as genuine decentralist, demonstrate whether or not we are regionalist. Formulate a political project instigator of wills, showing an imaginary am today able to discipline and steer it to the way it attracts the white arrow and the bow tends. Our proposal is to join forces in this fight regardless of frontiers, as centralism is not a problem unique to a country, there is also beyond the border and at an even more ferocious version. Diego Benavente paraphrase Millan: together we are always more although we are not close.

Tree Cross Section Table Tops

Towards a more compact and sustainable city - urbanization without poverty (advantages and opportunities)

Eduardo López

Today the urban poor are urbanizing faster than the rest of the population. Scenarios focused on the poor most likely anticipate that half of the nearly one billion people living in deprivation and different types of deficiencies in the world will remain poor all his life and eventually to transfer their poverty status to their children ( Outsights , 2004).

However, these trends do not necessarily have to be. There are signs of change in some cities and countries that give rise to some optimism. In the next fifty years, Brazil, Russia, India and China - economies called BRIC countries and now represent 42 percent of the world's population - may become a major strength of the global economy ( Hawksworth & Cookson , 2008).

According to the latest economic projections based on a scenario of sustained economic growth, China overtook the United States as the world's largest economy in the year 2025 ( Pricewaterhouse Coopers , 2006) is that time India's most populous country in the world and thanks to that demographic and important efforts in human capital formation is estimated that for 2015 has a faster growth rate than China and by 2050 become the third largest economy in the world, Brazil is the Latin American country to grow faster with technology in some areas, abundant energy resources and a stable system of government, so you can overtake Italy, France, England and Germany between 2025 and 2035, to develop an economy similar to that of Japan in 2050 ( Wilson & Purushothaman , 2003), Russia will continue using its energy resources as a lever to increase its global influence, it is estimated that by 2050 the country has the highest per capita GDP of the BRIC group and an economy whose size is comparable with that of the G6.

If things go well in these countries, ie, if the BRICs maintain policies and develop institutions that support economic growth, create conditions to produce better educational levels, and establishing pro-poor policies, it is likely that poverty can be reduced significantly in the next twenty years.

is true that factors either political, economic, environmental and other various events that can shape and alter the projections. For example, the threat of significant decline in working age population and the rapid aging of the population in general (Russia and China), energy conflicts (Russia, India and China), poor infrastructure development, crime and corruption ( Russia, Brazil), difficulties in maintaining a cohesive national policy (Russia and China), to reduce regional asymmetries problems with ethnic and social conflicts and the emergence of regional insurgencies (India), etc. ( NIC , 2008).

Without underestimating the importance of these threats and challenges, it is possible to believe that the leaders of these countries will know organize appropriate institutional responses, creating greater stability by establishing strong institutions, improving training standards and developing and maintaining the institutional, political and economic need to grow.

Other BRIC countries may register positive changes in the future if we begin today with economic reforms, social and political steps to break with past and current trends continue as they are, if not announce good news. The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean must embark on a program of human capital formation, finding creative and sustainable ways to provide access to higher education by channeling investment and savings by the private and social sectors and participation increasing public sector. Should also introduce tax reforms and counter-cyclical policy design innovative social programs ( Burdman , 2004). African countries must find ways to use its population growth (which is the fastest in the world) to fuel its economic growth. They should also diversify their economies and use technology more productively and improve their governance systems to better manage their natural resources.

These advantages and opportunities to generate greater economic prosperity generated optimism, provided that address poverty and inequality at the same time as countries grow economically. In their recent study on the state of the world's cities UN-HABITAT shows that it is possible to reduce levels of urban inequality while enjoying positive economic growth. Countries as diverse Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia and Rwanda taught us that economic inequality is not necessarily a consequence of economic development, and instead of reducing these inequalities turns out to be a good strategy for economic growth.

There are also, on the other hand, promising signs of a new trend that aims to review the concept of development priorities and to redefine the notion of growth. It is already a clear stream of change and the concept of welfare is gradually expanded beyond the reductive notion of economic prosperity. Other terms such as happiness, subjective well-being or social welfare will take more importance not only in political discourse, but also how to understand and measure the development of societies. Initiatives taken as equally important as the human heart will ever more fully in international cooperation policies as notion of human security understood as a way of protecting people from critical threats and generalized to human life, livelihood and dignity ( Japan , 2007).

is very likely in this regard that closer links between these concepts and others such as inequality, vulnerability and insecurity, accompanied by public policies with new criteria in terms of cost-benefit and impact of programs. However, future trends that simple with clear and direct as it seems too good to be true. The ability to reduce poverty and build more compact cities and sustainable, made with a human geography of hope, solidarity and dignity may require first that the differences become more evident, the major risks and social and economic costs high, ie more conflicts, social unrest and above all a greater insight to both rich and poor in the difficult, costly, uncomfortable and disturbing it is to live with such social and economic asymmetries.

The imperative of fighting poverty will not be because only one approach to the moral conscience, but also and especially as part of a fact essential to sustain the process of globalization and as a prerequisite for maintaining social stability. That is, it is likely that the changes in social behavior more ethical obey gradual changes that revolutionary social progress. However, even though these changes are promoted by other interests not on ethical grounds, they are likely to influence the development of a new ethos that may have the strength to promote new social contract where individual behavior, social and corporate focus more on humans. Some trends identified suggest a review of the role of philanthropy in the world, not just the most media celebrities, but also the foundations and some corporations are already responding to their corporate social responsibility commitments.

is also very likely that non-state actors such as community networks and associations of different social groups continue to act globally, regionally or nationally demanding social change through nonviolent means issues such as inequality, poverty, social justice and climate change, among others. These social movements encourage camaraderie and spirit of partnership in pursuit of equal opportunities. It is also very plausible that arises an increased number of local coalitions in various cities, operating in particular areas related to their own agendas, where trust, a sense of community, identity and other forms of urban social capital awaken a genuine interest in solving community problems.

probably change in the flow of politicians, the international community and others could follow a similar transformation: "the tide rises and lifts all boats." However, a change of this nature implies a new political attitude where companies, corporations, individuals, even whole cities, adopt and use the declaration of human rights, extending the use and enjoyment of natural resources, health rights, and even right of access to capital ( Outsights , 2004). Otherwise economic growth in the world of the BRICs and other countries could become a zero sum game with no clear advantages in terms of more comprehensive social development.

reasons exist for optimism that the walls and fortifications fall, wiping out the front and back of the cities that normally can not see or touch: poverty on one hand and wealth the other. However, to cease to exist City top and bottom colloquially characterized as the separation will be necessary to formulate economic policies for the urban poor have in mind, more inclusive governance schemes and investing in public goods and services for the poor and the vulnerable. This is a feasible scenario that requires forms of modern and efficient government, with clear rules which derive obligations, responsibilities and institutional respect for all.

which is also required local governments to work closely with the central authorities. It is desirable but unlikely in the coming years, cities institutionalize partnerships and develop inter-city joint programs cooperative competitiveness to give greater visibility to local, while enhancing regional development. These networks of cities should be articulated with the central government and work with them to achieve a different and powerful articulation of different levels of government.

A substantial probability scenario is that the erection of a new social contract that speaks of a responsible society, a new social ethos with a renewed society established a pact between local authorities and inhabitants defining rights, obligations and mutual responsibilities, which on one hand the authorities undertake to ensure better efficiency, equity, transparency in the exercise of their functions and, on the other hand, forcing the inhabitants to show greater responsibility for the participation of civil life.

Coleção Do Drangon Ball Z

The future of cities (advantages and opportunities)

Eduardo López Moreno

A clear trend is that urban growth is reduced in almost all corners of the world. The signs of decline began mid 90's, when the average annual rate of population change increased from 3.17 percent to 2.93 percent by the end of 2000 on average for less developed regions. It is estimated that by 2030 the growth rate will drop sharply to reach 1.88 per cent ( UNPD, 2007). Of course the pace and level of decline will be very skewed in different regions: 2.8 percent in Africa, 1.76 percent in Asia and 1 percent in Latin America in 2030.

Intermediate cities are not immune to these trends and certainly also suffer similar declines, as shown by trajectory analysis. According to simple extrapolations, cities of this size in developing countries spend an annual growth rate of 2.7 percent in 2000 to 1.5 percent in 2030.

Africa will continue to maintain the fastest pace of global growth of intermediate cities with a rate close to 2.52 per cent by then the continent will be more urban than rural, reaching its urban transition precisely in the year 2030. Medium-sized cities in Asia will grow by then to just 1.5 percent and the mainland is mostly urban in 2025. America America and the Caribbean is the most urbanized region in the global south with 80 percent of the total population living in urban centers, cities are estimated to grow at an average annual rate of 0.5 percent in 2030, when the region 85 percent is urban.

Although mid-sized cities continue to grow faster than other cities in the developing world is interesting that the proportion of people living in cities of less than one million inhabitants will gradually reducing 68 percent in 1975 to 62 percent in 2007 and about 60 percent in 2025. These changes are due to two interlinked phenomena. The first is that some cities in the global south, particularly those of medium size, have begun to lose population and is very likely that this trend will become increasingly dominant in the next twenty years. The second is that several intermediate cities grow fast and become mega-cities and target in a slow but steady trend to take the proportion of people in the developing world live in large cities spend 8.3 percent in the year 2007 to 9.6 percent in 2025 to the megalopolis of more than ten million inhabitants and 6.9 percent to 7.5 percent for the megacities of more than five million people in the same years.

future changes in the size and functionality of the cities will be increasingly dictated by urban growth, but also by the contraction of the cities. These seemingly different processes are in fact two sides of the same coin ( Martínez Fernández & Wu, 2007). The cities experiencing the same rise and decline time (and sometimes even decline) as part of urban cycles is necessary to understand in order to respond to them. The World Cities Report 2008 shows that while just over half the global south urban centers grew at a rapid pace ( UN-HABITAT , 2008a), about 10 percent experienced the loss of population. Perhaps this ratio for some is rather insignificant, but we believe it is the prelude to a new urban trend, which, if it continues, as is likely, make a greater discontinuity not only in population growth and urban development, but also in the planning exercise in the future must recognize and respond to the rapid growth of some centers, while should anticipate and provide for the population decline of others.

It is very likely that in future some changes in the use of resources and technology to alter the definition of optimal size and functionality more suitable for medium-sized towns. In the next twenty years the most effective intermediate cities play a critical role in the decentralization of public services, in providing a variety of household consumer goods and the creation of small and medium enterprises in labor intensive to create jobs and thereby contribute to reducing the problems associated with the heavy concentration of population in large urban agglomerations.

However, the future of intermediate cities have much to do with the stage of development of countries and regions, diversification of the urban system, the level of decentralization and devolution of states, the population growth of the various urban centers and economic dynamism some regions and cities.

In Latin America and the Caribbean intermediate cities concentrate a significant and growing proportion of the population that will be key to the future urban and regional development ( Rodríguez, 2007). Developing a very plausible scenario is that cities of this size will helping to diversify the urban system and thus will contribute to reducing urban primacy in several countries in the region. It is very probable that the intermediate cities continue to expand the coverage of education and health systems, improving quality of life indicators. Many medium-sized cities will be substantial improvements in their transport and telecommunications sector as a result of growing public and private investment as part of policies of decentralization and regional development. Other cities, particularly in Central America and some Caribbean countries, reflect huge disparities in development between cities and regions, with a pyramidal structure that will retain very poor relations between the cities of the same hierarchical level. These imbalances in the spatial structure will be an impediment to regional economic growth and social development.

Saharan Africa's future medium-sized cities is more gloomy: Conflicts, disasters, forced population movements caused by drought, famine, ethnic conflicts and wars of various intensities, coupled with economic growth rather erratic , make it difficult for these cities play an important role in promoting socio-economic development because of poor accumulation of technology and lack of economies of scale and infrastructure.

as poor conditions of many of the cities (comparable to small towns as far as regards infrastructure and development) remain the expression of an exaggerated centralism and poor governance that continue to produce marked asymmetries regional development, which not only distort the economy, but also prevent a more political integration. It is very likely that in the next 20 or 25 years, urban primacy trends continue, with the emergence random from a limited number of medium cities more vibrant and dynamic.

In marked contrast, medium-sized cities in North Africa, along with other cities of comparable rank in South Africa and Namibia - countries at a relatively advanced urban transition with intermediate levels of development continue to play an important role in regional development process, providing new economic opportunities for people seeking greater social mobility. It is a very plausible assumption that these cities work in the future as centers of social transformation, absorbing rural migrants who might otherwise go to schools larger urban and providing better conditions for the inhabitants due to their comparative advantages and economies of scale that allow concentration of basic and intermediate levels of health and education. Intermediate cities in these countries can work more efficiently and sub-regional administrative centers and services, supporting decentralization processes that make them more accessible facilities and facilities not only for their own urban residents, but also for the rural interior.

In Asia the future of intermediate cities is highly contrasted. The region is so vast and heterogeneous defies generalization and residents in the largest and richest economies and also one of the poorest. Perhaps the most important feature of urbanization in Asia is the emergence of megacities and metropolitan growth. In 2000, the region contained 227 cities with more than one million inhabitants and 21 cities with populations of more than five million people. In 10 megacities are located in the global south, over 7 are Asian (UN-HABITAT , 2008b).

Given this phenomenon metropolitanization the future of the Middle Asian cities is presented with some clarity: they must counter the growth of large cities making the best use of great potential, serving as engines of regional economic and social development. Strategies that can be used for that purpose and to redistribute the populations from a more harmonious, vary depending on the political characteristics of countries and their levels of development.

In countries where urban primacy is still the mainstream of development as the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, among many other nations, the role of intermediate cities to target intercept migratory flows are from the countryside and small towns to major cities. In industrialized nations like South Korea and India, it is likely that mid-range cities function as instruments to reduce regional imbalances and improve income inequality. Trend analysis shows that these cities may create in the future research and development for agricultural innovations and technology suitable to the region. In less industrialized countries like Vietnam, Bangladesh and the Philippines, the avenir of intermediate cities is perceived more as a bridge that serves to promote the growth of rural industries based on processing agricultural products for export.

The future of medium-sized cities in China deserves special comment: of the 125 cities in this range that emerged between 1990 and 2000 across the continent, 119 were in this country (UN-HABITAT , 2008b). Taking into account that most Chinese cities have a good intermediate industrial and commercial base and efficient transport systems, it is expected that in future these cities play a more prominent role in organizing economic activities, the development of production and reduction of regional imbalances and promoting integration regional.

changes and continuities over the future of medium ignore the possibility of major adverse shocks such as natural disasters, political revolutions and military conflicts that occurred in the case would pull some countries of their development path. It is certainly not improbable that the devastating effects caused by climate change or a new pandemic could influence these projections. For example, in Southeast Asian cities are highly populated and dense can start a global pandemic such as SARS and HPAI (NIC , 2008), with devastating effects especially in medium-sized towns with fewer capabilities detection and appropriate medical responses.

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Burbuja Inmobiliaria: Conceptos Básicos

According PPCC:

- (PROPERTY BUBBLE) This is just a housing bubble, we have to pay real children floors million worthless, as we vainly regodeábamos how we were millionaires;

- (HIPOTECÓN ) That fortune, children, have had to borrow a lengthy term of 99 banks and savings we had in Spain;

- (DEBT) In turn, these 99 entities did not have sufficient resources to fortunes asking them, and had to borrow a huge flow outside Spain, especially in Germany and France;

- (INSOLVENCY) prick the bubble, the situation where children are, to be very angry as they come checking they have been scammed, it's nothing compared to banks and savings banks, which on the one hand, must honor its own debt, and, second, hangs in the balance of return children's fortune has given them, for worse, the real estate business was the engine of the English economy, so that seizure activity is common in banks and savings banks make their money normal

- (DEBT) To support the banks, the government has to deliver a new fortune, equally, must borrow in Spain (including those who have become rich by selling the story) and outside Spain, because they do not get enough money in the ordinary tax revenues;

- (CREDIBLE AUSTERITY) traértelo Borrowing money is in your future, therefore, the State is committing its future tax revenues and its lenders want to see a credible plan to continue funding austerity;

- (internal devaluation) The situation is therefore characterized by an enormous cascading debt, children, and Savings Banks, State; the extent that we repay the loans, we will restore your credit and the economic pulse, and to pay what is due, it should be the more income, better, which forces us to be very good working and exporting.

Source.

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intergovernmental transfers in Peru

Another mechanism for local funding are intergovernmental transfers. Often local government revenues are insufficient, is the main reason for the existence of intergovernmental fiscal transfers, in this case the central government has a greater chance of recovery and therefore reflects a centralized collection and decentralization of expenditure This implies that the local fiscal capacity (income) depends solely on the local tax base.

This means that national government transfer resources to regional and local governments, for two reasons efficiency and equity , first applies the relative efficiency has central administration in the collection of taxes, for the most efficiency by local governments in the provision of local public goods and services.

central government transfers can take various forms:

1. unconditional transfers, these transfers may be granted to local governments without any conditions regarding their use. Transfers of this type are particularly appropriate when it comes to helping the authorities with limited resources.

central government transfers are

a. Municipal Compensation Fund (FONCOMUN)

E l FONCOMUN was crafted mainly compensatory, seeking a better homogeneity in the economic base of municipalities and promote investment in different municipalities in the country, prioritizing the allocation to rural and marginal urban areas. This background is caused by a number of charges created and administered by the National Government in favor of municipalities.

This transfer is the following resources:

· The performance of municipal promotion tax.

· tax yield to the shooting.

· The tax on pleasure boats.

· The percentage of 25% tax to the betting.

Of the funds levied by municipalities for the FONCOMUN are used entirely for the purposes determined by the local governments agreed to by the council and according to their own needs. For this, the council must set annually the use of these resources for current spending rates and investments, determining appropriate levels of responsibility.

b) Customs Revenue

resources Customs Income, is income tax collected from imports or tariffs , for each of the customs.

2. Conditional transfers , these transfers in Peru are confined to capital expenditure and social programs. The restrictive conditions may take other forms: control over how the money transfer, restrictions on the type, level and quality of service provided; control of municipal spending in the service.

a) Milk Glass Program

With this transfer, the municipalities act as agents of national government in the provision of food aid, along with the demographic advantage of their benefits inherent identification of beneficiaries. This transfer is done monthly to municipalities for use in the VDL.

b) Canon and Canon

transfers by way of Canon constitute remuneration for the exploitation of natural resources located within the jurisdictions of local governments.

These transfers are conditional be used exclusively to finance or co-financing of projects or infrastructure at regional and local levels, respectively, for which established an account designated for this purpose. Regional governments will deliver on 20% (twenty percent) of total royalties received by public universities in his district, exclusively for investment in scientific research and technology to enhance regional development.

With regard to the distribution of the tax, the law states:

a) The distribution of oil royalties maintains current conditions distribution.

b) The fee is distributed among regional and local governments according to the distribution rates set by the Ministry of Economy and Finance, taking into account population and poverty criteria linked to the lack of basic needs and infrastructure deficit . Their distribution is as follows:

1. 10% of the total collected for the municipality or municipal district is located where the natural resource.

2. 25% of the total collected for governments local province or provinces where the natural resource is located, excluding the producing district or districts.

3. 40% of the total collected for local government department or departments of the regions, excluding the province or provinces where the natural resource.

4. 25% of the total collected for the regional governments where the natural resource.

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MUNICIPAL MANAGEMENT

THE ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL

The organizational structure of municipalities is made by the council and the mayor.

CITY COUNCIL

The municipal council, provincial and district consists of the mayor and the number of aldermen.

municipal councils of the towns are composed of a mayor and 5 (five) aldermen.

The City Council exercises regulatory and supervisory functions.

THE MAYOR

The mayor is the executive body of local government. The mayor is the legal representative of the department and its highest administrative authority.

COORDINATION BODIES

coordinating bodies are:

1. The Provincial Local Coordinating Council.

2. The District Local Coordinating Council.

3. The Board of Deputies Neighborhood.

can be established Other mechanisms for participation to ensure ongoing communication between the population and municipal authorities.

MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION

The city administration is composed of officials and public servants, employees and workers, who work for the municipality. It is up to each municipality to organize the administration according to your needs and budget.

MUNICIPAL BUDGET

MUNICIPAL BUDGET:

The budget is a central element in municipal management.

however, is one of the least addressed by policy makers, leaders and citizens. Its development is generally in the hands of a small group of officers who present the draft budget to city council for approval, without the mayor, aldermen, much less the neighbors have taken part in its formulation. Smaller municipalities, which are many in our country and do not have the necessary technical personnel, are in the need to hire consultants external development budget.

is a tool for planning and decision making for all the institutions planned to be quantified in shares generally estimated within a year. This implies that proposals and projects necessarily have to be recovered, ie, estimated in economic terms.

comprehensive development plans can not be enforced if there are embodied in activities and not estimated the costs of each.

In short, no institution can function if it does not define your budget.

The organic law of municipalities -27972 - provides in Article 53 that: "The municipalities are governed by annual participatory budgeting as management tools and management, which are formulated, approved and executed under the law of matter, and in accordance with agreed development plans in their jurisdiction. The participatory budget is part of the planning system. "

The same law adds that "the municipal budget should be based on the real balance of revenues and expenses and be approved by the City Council within the period laid down the regulations on the matter " and" for purposes of budgeting and financial management, municipalities, provincial and district budget sheets are headed by the respective mayor. "

WHAT IS IT?

The municipal budget is a management tool that expresses the estimated revenue and expenditure in a balanced manner, based on the guidelines, objectives and policies contained in the comprehensive development plans formulated in each municipality.

MUNICIPAL BUDGET STRUCTURE

budgets are structured on the basis of items of income and expenditure items.

municipal revenues

revenues of municipalities are:

• current income
• capital income
• transfers
• donations
• indebtedness income.

Let's see each of them.

current revenue, own or directly collected

These revenues come from regular, periodic collection of taxes, levies, fees, sale of property, income property, fines, penalties and other current income.

Capital revenue

revenues are generated by the municipalities through the sale of assets: land, buildings, machinery. Unlike the current income with a regular character, they have a potential character.

Transfers

are non-reimbursable financial resources that the central government transfers to municipalities.

These may be the canon and the canon on the income share of customs, municipal compensation fund, the right to life of mine.

In the case of the canon, there are various concepts such as mining royalties, the royalty gas field, the charge hydropower, fishing canon, canon canon forestry and customs.

Other income transfers are those received for the implementation of welfare programs such as the glass of milk and soup kitchens.

Donations

are revenues from other governments or international institutions or national, public, private or received as a gift.

revenue debt

are also part of the credits earned revenue from national, international or foreign, public or private.

municipal expenses

expenses are classified as current expenditure, capital expenditures and debt service.

- Current expenditure

are making payments municipalities for the procurement of goods and services, wages and loss of active personnel, and others. These expenses are characterized as not recoverable.

- Capital expenditures

are spending on the acquisition, installation and refurbishment of durable goods such as building roads, medical centers, food markets, irrigation canals, etc. Also known as capital expenditure.

- Debt service

refers to the payment of principal and interest on the debt.

THE BUDGET PROCESS

The municipal budget is structured in phases that give a dynamic character. It relies on the evaluation of the previous budget years and the prospects for future years.

phases of the budget process are five, namely:

• Programming
• Formulation
• Adoption
Execution
• Monitoring and evaluation.

Programming Phase

budget programming phase has the following steps:

• Determination of institutional objectives short term.

· Design of budget targets.

· Estimated income.

· forecast expenditure .

Formulation Phase

This phase requires more technical work. Define the functional structure of the Statement Budget program based on corporate goals and budget targets proposed in the planning stage.

This phase also establishes the total claim cost.

Approval Phase

The budget resolution is the sole responsibility of the City Council, ie the mayor and council in session of council.

However, participatory budgetary issues are worked with the participating agents according to the procedure established by the Participatory Budget Act and Regulations, and coordinated and regulated in the Local Coordinating Council Under Article 104 of the new LOM.

Implementation Phase

While the stages of formulation and approval are conducted before the budget year, the implementation phase is performed during the fiscal year budget execution.

budget modifications

The budget, once approved, can be modified. The amendments are made during the implementation phase of the budget. The Organic Law of Municipalities provides in article 9, paragraph 16, which are functions of the City Council:

"Approve the annual budget and amendments within the time allowed by law, under the responsibility."

Control and Evaluation Phase

measured at this stage and analyzes the implementation of revenue and expenditure and the achievement of goals. By doing so you may find variations that must also be analyzed. This is a quantitative and qualitative evaluation.

In conclusion, knowing the meaning, structure and importance of the city budget puts us in a better position to discuss the guidelines of state institutions on public expenditure. Thus, civil society may propose alternatives to improve the quality of public spending which too often is not high.

Includes