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Role of Peruvian municipalities economic development local.

By: Edson Guerrero

As for all we know, the cities and their development planning is the task of the municipalities, is therefore the responsibility of local government that our cities can adequately meet these core functions to the economic development of our towns and regions. Even in districts or provinces where there are very small cities and the alternative for the development of these areas is to implement strategic alliances with other cities to be areas with a future in economic terms, the implementation of these partnerships is the responsibility of municipalities, while local governments and representative of the general interests of that population.

a) Local economic development requires political will.
Successful experiences in this field, both in Peru and other Latin American countries, require a political will that drives these processes consciously, because they are not generated spontaneously. Where does this political will could come from economic development in local areas?. The answer is obvious: only local actors and actor representing the collective interests at the local level is the municipality. For this the most successful are those led and promoted by local governments, because in local municipalities are the main players in terms of political will and represent the interests of the population.

What factors taken into account when developing local economic development strategies?

This political will must be expressed in specific strategies to promote local economic development, which should take into account the following factors or elements in their formulation:
· The Municipalities should be facilitators, promoting local economic development, not necessarily direct participants in the creation of businesses or local employment, but articulated and adequately facilitate the private sector of small producers and entrepreneurs in the local area.
• The approach should aim to achieve is the human development, ie one that is focused on people whose main beneficiary people and which people are the protagonists and actors and so must be a participatory and negotiated process.
• The local economic development should be part of a Comprehensive Development Plan, in its preparation should involve all organizations social and public and private institutions of the town, because of poverty and build local development is far too large to be engulfed by the city alone.
• In both conscious will is an action planned and one of its main objectives is to produce what is called a "competitive platform, ie to create conditions for the development of the human factor, for cities to retain young professionals for adding value to the production of goods and services, to "transform prior to transport."
• That promote local identity and the creation of common visions and dreams. • That look that
strategies are institutionalized and permanent over time beyond its initiators.
• That proposed change not only economic processes but also change behavior, intentions, values \u200b\u200band ways of behavior of individuals and institutions. This is essential for reinforcing the local social capital and this capital is impossible without thinking about the long-term economic development.
• That is based on the legitimacy of the local authority, which is achieved through transparency in municipal financial management, in listening to all the people and local actors and in producing immediate, concrete achievements in promoting economic development local.

What tools or initiatives are the municipalities to promote local economic development?

is possible to identify a set of possible initiatives to be undertaken by municipalities in local economic development. The initiatives are possible to be organized as follows:

· Information and advocacy initiatives in the locality.

is this respect we can mention the following instruments:
- Produce and disseminate information on the advantages that the city offers investors (websites, brochures, etc)
- Develop local databases, to centralize all information available in the public and private institutions of the town and making them available to producers and authorities.
- Using the Internet to link with other municipalities and find specific support.

· production rules favorable to local economic development
- Produce ordinances favorable to investment and expansion of local businesses.
- Support the enactment of laws for economic and political decentralization in the country.
· Improving local governance
- Promote the participation to public safety.
- Create special departments for the treatment and solution Problems on local economic development.
- Strengthen participatory budgeting in municipalities.
- Rebuilding the social fabric, especially in areas affected by political violence.

· From business merit public recognition
- Create incentives and recognition awards to local entrepreneurship, and product quality, environmental care, job creation, etc.

• Promotion of human resources
- Subscription agreements with institutions of education and training.
- Training of local human resources especially in developing project.
- Promote the establishment of schools for the training of leaders, especially youth and women.
- Train local officials in this new role of municipalities.
- Provide scholarships to train local human resources with a commitment to work for the development of the district or province.

• Promotion of private investment
- Make the legal reorganization of the grounds of jurisdiction.
- improve municipal tax collection.
- Condition local resorts.
- Provide basic infrastructure (water and electricity) to our locations.
- Improve facilities Agricultural Fairs, Craft, Industry and services.
- development plans that identify key economic activities for local economic growth.
- To promote the revival of agriculture especially in municipalities in the mountains and forests.
- arrangements with local entrepreneurs and the public sector on the basis of development plans.
- sign agreements with technical institutions to develop productive projects and seeking funding.
- developing local credit sources for micro and small enterprises.
- Promote the association of municipalities to jointly undertake projects that promote development economic sub-regions or regions.

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women, local governments and decentralization

By Alejandra Massolo

The formidable role of women in local areas of poverty in Latin America poses serious risks and costs of physical, emotional and moral but not a profile of victims, but of a leading social force able to achieve better living conditions, family and community, helping to maintain local governance. Yet the views and attitudes of women was practically absent from the opinions, analysis and debates on decentralization when he went to the American scene. Hardly found in the literature on issue statements from women about the policy of decentralization and municipal reform. Even women of the urban poor who make up the multifaceted social movement of Latin American women, with its strong integration into local areas, did not perceive decentralization as a reform of the state that could benefit them. Even in mid 1990, noted in a study of grassroots organizations of people living in Santiago de Chile, that women do not find the notion of a decentralized state in which levels of government have their own spheres of power and decision; the "ideal" for them if they want to solve a problem is to arrive at La Moneda , The seat of presidential power (Weisntein, 1995).

weakness, failure and discredit of the municipalities of course did not encourage the change of perspective as well as the brand "neoliberal" reforms suspicions generated more accessions. But was rather the attraction of the central state that has prevailed over efforts to decentralize the state. In the early nineties began to shift from the gender perspective into local and decentralization, the thoughts and voices of women entered the stage of discussions, exchanges of experiences and proposals on the issue of decentralization. Unable
ignore the potential opportunities for local urban and rural areas in Latin America are haunted by the reality of mass poverty and the feminization of poverty which is manifested, among other things, the phenomenon of households increased by a woman especially in the cities, which are the principal but the sole breadwinner of the family.

summary, the presence and participation of women in local areas, considering their diversity, has the following characteristics:

• The local spaces are particularly important since they are the public world where women are more familiar and where to display their skills as managers of social participation to improve the quality of family life and community.
• domestic role is projected in public spaces but not decrease or eliminate gender inequalities. The participation of women focuses on issues and tasks related to the basic needs of the family and community, while men retain the participation in positions of political power in social organizations and local government.
• is perceived and appreciated the participation of women solely in terms of being intermediaries for other welfare purposes and to ensure efficiency in achieving programs. Predominantly an instrumental conception of women's participation associated with severe social problems and emergencies, such as poverty.
• It is unusual to be conceived and values \u200b\u200bwomen as social carriers of their own rights, or that they are appreciated as change agents in local development.
• belief still prevails among municipal authorities and community leaders that women represent a free public service, available all the time and for any problems or social emergency. Women themselves help to reproduce this conviction because of the socialization of gender roles (mother, housewife, wife) and the sexual division work, which recharges on women from housework and childcare.
• You still prevalent belief that women have "more time" than men to devote themselves to serving the needs of the community. Taken for granted unconditional availability ignoring the overload of work, physical and emotional wear and juggling to do to take the time to meet all its obligations gender.
• For women, especially low-income, participation in local public world is an obligation on the need for a citizen's right to participate in public affairs.

The policy called "informal" or "community", which is a form of politics from everyday social environment, women are involved in matters of public interest and experience teach us that:

- establish relationships force and pressure on local authorities;
- demand and manage resources;
- protest, negotiate and influence;
- contribute to improving the quality of life and local development;
- citizens acquire relevant skills;
- achieve self-esteem and social prestige;
- are empowered leadership;
- represent an effective pattern of social participation local politics (Massolo, 1994).

A paradoxical dynamics of inclusion and exclusion involves the presence and participation of women in the local public sphere. The fact that they have gained visibility and public voice are recognized does not mean that gender-specific problems, or are seriously evaluated their capabilities and contributions. The revaluation of local governments in Latin America has not parallel with the appreciation of women as citizens rights holders.

As the municipality's level of government and political representation closer to the public related to matters of everyday life, paradoxically has not facilitated the access of women to positions of municipal power. Latin American municipalities lack the plurality of gender as they are mostly headed by men. Clearly not verified a positive correlation between government closer and more formal political participation of women. Therefore, the proximity principle that legitimizes particularly local government, does not operate as a principle that promotes gender equity in access to municipal power. Local governments are marked by gender inequality, although some changes and improvements are occurring.