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Civic Engagement at the municipal level

By: Edson Guerrero

Form and extent of civil society participation in governance at the municipal level
Citizen participation can be individual or organized. The civil society organizations have several ways to participate (Article 122 of the LOM), based on wider access to information, including the following:
- Right choice for municipal office.

- Initiative in the formation of local devices.

- The right of referendum.

- Right to report violations and to be informed.

- Cabildo abierto under ordinances governing it.

- participation through neighborhood councils, neighborhood committees, neighborhood associations, community organizations, social or other similar nature neighborhood.

- Management Committees.
But it also is seen as part of the rights of local control of municipal authorities to revoke and demand accountability (Article 121) and the recall of (122).
As part of the decentralization process has been strengthened citizen involvement in the areas of participation and consultation as the Local Coordinating Councils (CCL), which basically should offer development plans concerted and participatory budgeting in local committees or management committees. But in many municipalities, by agreement between civil society and municipal authorities have opted porseguir respecting the validity of the modalities of participation prior to the enactment of the current Organic Law of Municipalities. In many municipalities, believes that the consensus built through participatory processes have a binding nature for both the authorities and social organizations.

Citizen participation and social groups
While there is increasing awareness of the right and at the same time, the duty to take part in practice predominantly voluntary and participants are still a minority of the whole population. Participation can be individual or through social organizations. The latter, according to the rules established by municipalities, accredited representatives to the CCLS or concerted planning processes, participatory budgeting and management committees on various topics such as promoting local economies, tourism, education, health, among others. Logically, involved comparatively social segments that need government support, including organizations linked to the glass of milk and food programs requiring parents to give their children better schools, small producers and traders, young people who manage sports facilities, organizations that manage the provision of basic services. An aspect to point out is that the long history of welfarism and paternalism has determined, even in poor areas, the practice of requesting or requiring access to public goods or services without express willingness to support community development.
However, participation suffers from various difficulties. Indeed, participatory budgeting processes, for example, there is still a limited participation related to the absence of representative institutions, lack of credibility in the participatory process, poor dissemination of the process, or lack of practice and experience to negotiate or waive interest or zonal particular benefits for the poorest sectors of the population. Less involved representatives from remote communities to district or provincial capitals. Also exists a certain loss of public confidence in the processes of consultation, when its resource requirements for projects can not be served. Yet to be seen participating agents prioritize actions of the organizations they represent, do not always coincide with collective aspirations. Special attention must be non-participation of political parties which limits the possibilities for change in political culture. We can say that in all the experiences the participation of women is significantly lower than that of boys, although there is a weak trend to narrow these gaps, but the representation of gender is still very uneven. The participation of young people remains poor or minority in the PP.

The gender
It is making considerable progress in gender mainstreaming. For example, the Equal Opportunities Plan (PIO) 2006-2010, approved by Supreme Decree N ° 009-2005-MIMDES the September 12, 2005. From there he has a commission made up of twelve sectors multisectoral MIMDES, PCM, Health, Education, Justice, Labor and Employment, Agriculture, Interior, Finance, Transport and Communications and the INEI. This instance is its function to monitor the National Plan for Equal Opportunities between Women and Men 2006-2010.
This has allowed equal opportunities to institutionalize gender-equitable public policies, plans and practices of the state. But as states "from words to action, is a long way", although there are encouraging developments. Thus we have the regions of Loreto, Ayacucho and Apurimac, have a Project Regional Ordinance for the integration of PIO 2006-2010. The regions of La Libertad, Junín, Pasco and Apurimac, have regional order approving the PIO.
The operation of social programs is an emphasis on quality of services, equal opportunities based on gender equality and strengthening regional and local economy becoming a space for coordination between state and civil society, especially among groups of women organized, so often excluded from public spaces making decisions and to take special importance in the process of decentralization. Some local governments are including policy guidelines with equal opportunities and gender equity.
Currently, some municipalities have women's offices, social programs for women, DEMUNAS for the prevention and treatment of domestic and sexual violence. It must be stressed that participatory processes are designing and building participatory budgets with a gender perspective. Also in the planning processes are developed Equal Opportunity Plans locally. Have formulated policies on social development and equal opportunity within its competence, in line with the national government's general policy, sectoral plans and programs for local governments.
As we have seen, the gender perspective is part of the local agenda and not only part of the speech but it also has been implemented on a cross in some municipalities.
On the other hand, Article 84 of the LOM, designated as the exclusive function of the district municipalities to facilitate participation and consultation in the planning, management and oversight of local programs for local development. In this perspective, the opportunities for citizen participation constitute an opportunity to promote the development of the civil rights of women who develop proposals and decision-making capacity.
The participation of women in politics (Understood also as a quota for women) as well as other activities in recent years has been growing. The highest level of organization and participation is carried out with rapid growth and expansion of so-called functional organizations such as food or glass of milk or soup kitchens that were formed in the decades of 70 and 80 in order to alleviate the acute crisis economic enveloped the entire lower-income households and were becoming an expression of solidarity to tackle poverty and adversity. Then the women
gradually acquired greater participation in decision making, jumping from professional and occupational activities to institutional policy.
PAHO with support from the Ministry of Health, said in a recent study that the participation of women in the Congress for the period 2001-2006 was 23 women against 97 men. With regard to regional governments was 22 men against 3 women (regional presidents) and local authorities (provincial and district mayors) was 62 women compared to 1.745 men. For 2007-2010 do not have any regional president and the mayors have dropped from 73 (8 provincial and 65 district) to 3 provincial borders a number of 60 district. That is, they have lost ground.

young fees and native peoples or indigenous communities
There favorable provisions that promote the participation of youth and indigenous peoples. There is no information about that local governments develop and / or implement specific actions aimed at inclusion, choice and promotion of rural and indigenous communities in its area of \u200b\u200bjurisdiction, although the RM 188-2006-MINEDU, incorporates and promotes the use of inclusive language in all oral, written, symbolic, technical and regulatory documents and material.

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Local governance development

development projects and reforms for the transformation, always modified gestated by the dynamics of the actors (Giddens, 1984; Clegg, 1990). The costs and benefits of economic reform and social policy can be shared by different agents within institutional frameworks that facilitate participation. Economic reform is the political system reforms, the development of political institutions and government reform. The participation of citizens in governance is one of the objectives of democratic governance processes. For partnership and participation as a democratic instrument purchase value must be accompanied by freedom of expression.

Organizational Flexibility is manifested in the lowering of production and storage systems together with the perspective of transaction costs enable organizations to become more flexible through vertical and horizontal disintegration. The friction of distance is increased in importance by providing a strong incentive for geographic agglomerations (Appelbaum and Henderson, 1995) This flexibility is expressed in structures that facilitate the inter-networks that have developed in different spatial levels: local, national, regional and global levels, giving rise to the emergence of a networking society supported by information technology. The training and integration Network system of direct participation in local governance can Reinventing geopolitical space and give local governments the skills required to meet the challenges of globalization. It

more talk of transforming the nation-state functions that his imminent removal. However, transformations and mutations of the nation state are not always following the same direction. It is no longer the nation-state modeled as an actor that has coherence and its own destiny within a hierarchy of international power and as a result of a rationality of interests. The political space and the nation-state depends not identified exercise of sovereignty over a territory delimited. The territory is being redefined to focus more on local governance under a new local territorial structure.

What the reform of the state is doing is transferring responsibility for managing and resolving social conflicts to local governments, which is conditional on the local social structure. The instrument of government reform and modernization policy is the decentralization of political power from the central authorities to local bodies. For state reform will focus on a redefinition of relations between society, the market and state, decentralization requires para lograr una gestión pública más eficiente.

La construcción territorial del espacio de las decisiones públicas de abajo hacia arriba, que privilegia con una mayor autonomía al gobierno local, debe considerar la corresponsabilidad de competencias en la gestión pública. El desarrollo local es un proceso orientado por estrategias y políticas que articula esfuerzos y recursos de agentes económicos y actores políticos con capacidad de acción territorial para lograr objetivos de crecimiento económico, desarrollo social y mayores niveles de bienestar de la población. Son actores y agentes todos los que toman decisiones que afectan al territorio (Marsiglia y Pintos, 2001). Por lo tanto, no existe a unique model of local development but other proposed projects.

Actors are people and institutions that develop direct action in a territory, as well as the "structures, organizations and people that the task or action have a place and a role in the workings of local exchanges (Cachon, 1996 .) Taking into consideration that the local term is associated both with defined physical territory, as a group moving in a mobile, go Helmerick (2001) defines a town or a localized system as a set of interacting elements dynamic, located within the boundaries of a particular physical space, organized according to an end. "A redefinition of the territory is the basis for the new geopolitical space required by the new local governance to involve different actors and stakeholders in promoting the development of society.

These elements refers to people who usually live and economic units established in the territory. Marsiglia and Pinto (2001) conceptualized the local area / regional as "an economic dimension, a dimension and historical identity, a community of interests and as space with a local potential to enhance development. Reinventing local government geopolitical space implies a new territorial structure in which the municipal governance is manifested as the setting in which different actors and agents interact in joint collaborative projects to solve their own problemas.LA creation of a democratic system in the field of local government and municipal allow the close involvement of citizens in governance issues and is designed to build community identity. Reinventing local government policy is expressed in spatial strengthening the powers of the municipality's development. The three most important relationships in the reform of state regulation are those those between private operators and government relations monitoring and oversight that exist between politicians and bureaucrats and the relations of responsibility and accountability (accountability) that occur between citizens and politicians.

Evidence suggests that the positive connection between growth and incomes of the poor have not changed much during the period of globalization, as above. The analysis of poverty and inequality variables to social spending in Latin America, show a negative correlation and a low efficiency of public administration in the social area over the past two decades, since priority has been given macroeconomic balance.

This public management, said of Molina (2001) should rest on five variables that explores the challenges following a citizen participation and decentralization, effective citizenship, local economic development, territorial management, information society and development sustainable. However, this social spending in Latin America rose almost 25% during the decade, but the returns on investment are very low, due to various factors such as corruption.

Local government is increasingly involved in a strong and persistent attachment to the concept of self-sufficiency and autonomy. The local government has been relegated to a decentralization policy that limits the government reform and to be executors of policies and decisions made at other levels of central Florida. The reconstruction that privileges the territorial local government in the independent determination of areas of public decision from the bottom up, has to promote stewardship of public management skills at different levels of government and agreement of joint development projects between public and private sectors. This among most of the leaders of the groups represented on the boards (Leach et al, 1994), although not all decisions can be decentralized to the local power bodies.

political participation of citizens in local government should not be limited exclusively to the election of representatives. Can assume responsibility for the institutionalization of social policy and public services that are less centralized. Can participate in local governance decisions, such as public spending and investment, as well as fundraising and revenue budget.

To overcome some of these problems, a new territorialization is desirable in order that by forming partnerships to pool resources and efforts of several municipalities are drawn up specific proposals for development through the creation of support tools for municipal management according to regional development. Local governance requires a delimitation of the territorial structure to take advantage of the negotiations and strategies of the association.

These new forms of association of municipalities for the production and delivery of public services, cut across the political divide itself in having joint solutions to similar problems more effectively and by creating economies of scale, given the space constraints of capabilities and resources. Municipalities guide its economic development depending on market strategies, so that the satisfaction of the requirements and demands of economic agents aims to increase competitiveness.

administrative decentralization in the administrative management of regional policy decisions involving adoption at local levels lower. Local governance requires a new design and a new territorial structure reengineering to take advantage of local social participation. Participation in the administration extends to political and social organizations.

Citizen participation in the decentralization process policy are very limited. Political decentralization allows local governments to encourage citizen participation for better redistributive, more equitable, more differentiation and efficiency in the provision of public goods and services. Citizen participation should be encouraged by local governments in governance processes, such as budgetary decisions on expenditures and revenues, especially in decisions that affect the efficient use of their own resources and the provision of public goods and services .

A successful decentralization policy must create structures of regional self-government while allowing the development of social actors able to self-administer and develop an identity, which implies the need to "build" the region in social terms (Boisier, 1987: 143; Schönwälder, 1997:763). The lack of flexibility of the nation state to react to rapid changes in economic globalization and the inertia of heavy structures that do not meet the current demands of citizenship is necessary to strengthen the regions.

The region is generally defined as "an area of \u200b\u200bland on which it can identify a distinct unit of human problems and physical characteristics with a strong tendency towards such unification. Is, with the predominance certain common as well as additional factors that create a kind of identity "following Boisier (1988). A new delimitation of territorial local government is a requirement to promote public management aimed at achieving social participation of key actors and agents in the direct solution of their problems.

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By: Edson Guerrero

Public function in a globalized world in which we live requires that one way or another are involved in the work to develop the good of modern society to a better quality of the professional roles of middle management levels and above, so that society be more satisfied with programs that will provide transparency and accountability that citizens demand, become a better quality of life of society, with better services of all kinds by governments of the Republic of Peru, its regional and municipal governments.
The problems within the entire government is very varied, but this time we will discuss the problems facing public administration.
The importance of one of the problems of governance, a change in attitude of public servants apathetic, indifferent, and too bureaucratic to propositional and attentive servers that have the possibility of that change, with a lot of training especially in the reception and care to people who are requesting a service.
Many projects are truncated because the public servant does not have the attention and good treatment that they must do, since to do so are feeling a salary and that service must be of good quality, which is why it is of vital importance change of attitude at the reception and the first meeting with our clients, which should be optimal, so that the whole process is giving solutions to various obstacles on the progress of governance as they occur and this process is reached a good service agency, in which requires a government that is committed to achieving a better quality of life of society.
This concept based on the new public management, especially in the new proposed reforms intended to replace the bureaucratic management that has caused so many problems all governments largely underdeveloped.
NPM suggests that to rebuild a new consensus around what public relations is necessary to reconsider the state provides to citizens.
The new public management has brought a new view of the user of public servants. Customer
notion circulated by reformers, implies a radical change in the public.
Changing user concept of customer service means making the public in public service, where every citizen can pass on their own vision on the benefit received, their utility and their preferences.
The best services and most honest administration may not achieve acceptance and legitimacy to which they aspire, if it is unable to meet the decisions of citizens.
Today we must be aware that in order to develop the project of a quality public administration, where you change the new concept of client of these services by the concept outdated and bureaucratic services public.
A modern administration, intended to be active citizens of the projects and to participate and collaborate with staff to feel part of his government, of course with appropriate channels for citizen participation.
demand of the population mainly in the municipalities, should be a focus of staff in an accessible, modern and efficient and that all this work contribute result in increased overall productivity of the economy and a democratic process requirement of living Peru.
why the public modernization seeks a transformation, which also involves changes in regulations and procedures to change attitudes and behavior throughout the public sector.
Finally, we need to be just an honest job, tenacious, persevering and showing a strong will to serve the people, determined to solve the most sense of citizenship.

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NPM Local initiatives and increased productivity in times of crisis

By: Antonio Vazquez Barquero

But it is in the area of \u200b\u200bthe instruments of development in which local initiatives contribute significantly to the search for a path that leads to ending the crisis.
Its strength is that many of the instruments used stimulate the production of increasing returns on investment, helping to increase productivity (Vázquez Barquero, 2007).

i) Encourage the creation and development of enterprises and clusters

The creation and enterprise development is a prerequisite in the development process, as companies transform savings into investment through business ventures; well, when stimulated the development of networks and clusters of companies, promotes the emergence of external economies of scale and reducing transaction costs.

ii) Diffusion of innovations
Another of the main axes of the local development policy is the diffusion of innovation and knowledge in local production, allowing the introduction of new products and differentiation of existing changes in production processes, opening new markets.
All this contributes to increased productivity and competitiveness of enterprises.

iii) Qualification of human resources
If there is a specific objective of local development policy, that is the training of human resources, and through them that knowledge is incorporated in the production of goods and services and the manage their own development strategy. When the training activities are inserted into the development strategy, improving the quality of human resources conducive to increased productivity, enhance competitiveness, and even affects the cultural model that supports the development process.

iv) Construction of urban facilities and infrastructure
The construction and improvement of social overhead capital and infrastructure is one of the most widely used instruments in local development policies. Companies prefer locations in places accessible and well equipped with facilities to enable them to exploit economies of agglomeration and access to product and factor markets. But also the improvement of infrastructure attracts industrial activities and services to the towns and rural areas, generating economies of scope and promotes increased productivity.

v) Maintenance and improvement of environment and cultural heritage
Sustainable development is without doubt one of the strategic objectives of local development and the protection and development of ecological systems and natural resources and continuous improvement of historical and cultural heritage, not only have a positive impact on environmental systems but also make the territories and cities attractive places for producing and living, and contribute to improving the welfare of the population.

Finally, sustainable development is visible in initiatives that aim to promote conservation historical and cultural heritage, through the recovery of historic centers, as in the case of Old Havana and Cartagena de Indias, but also with initiatives aimed at transforming degraded areas by giving them a new functionality within the city as it happens Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires, where he transformed the old port in an urban area that contains educational activities, business services, and leisure.
territorial output
crisis advanced and emerging countries are going through a process of major productive and social changes, because the financial crisis has made the banking system ceases to be a dynamic factor production system. The scope of the situation is, at present, unknown, since the lack of liquidity and insolvency of banks prevent credit flows in the productive system and the companies generate the profits needed to sustain the activity, so that produces the continued closure of establishments and job losses.

article argues that to overcome the crisis it is necessary that the government undertake policies that combine measures to restore confidence in financial institutions as banks once again become the instruments that facilitate productive activity, on the one hand, with initiatives to increase productivity and competitiveness, another.
In this sense, the article argues that local development policy is a land out of economic crisis. Its strengths are that it is a strategy that focuses on productive restructuring and adjustment as an issue to be resolved in the territory, allowing you to give specific solutions to specific problems of each locality and region, using precisely the development potential existing in each territory and is not used because of the crisis.
Its merit lies in having used a strategy that encourages increasing returns on investment, and therefore promotes increased productivity and competitiveness of economies.
But local development is a strategy that also seeks social progress and sustainable development. Understand that development is a process in which economic growth and income distribution are two sides of the same phenomenon, since the public and private actors, when deciding and implementing their investment, do so with the aim of increasing productivity and improve the welfare of society. Local development is also a strategy based on continuous improvement of available resources, particularly natural resources and historical and cultural heritage, as this contributes to increase the competitive advantage of the territory and the welfare of population.
Finally, should not forget that local development is a strategy whose results are not guaranteed. This is a development policy that seeks to create wealth and employment by encouraging the emergence and development of enterprises, so that excess foreign aid reduces the creative capacity of local actors and the population, and therefore, limits the results of initiatives. Furthermore, it is a policy whose effect is conditioned by the coordination in the territory of the shares, so it loses effectiveness when the actions are implemented in isolation, and limiting the effects of the interaction between the forces of development. Finally, a policy participatory civil society, in which local actors are those who design and monitor their implementation, so their results are affected when, unilaterally imposed, locally or from abroad, actions or goals condition strategy.