By: Patricia Gillezeau B.
In the past decade, local development has been the response of the localities and regions to the great challenges they face and the inadequacy of traditional models of development, state reform and decentralization, proposing outputs to the mobilization of capital, land dynamics, new forms of accumulation, new approaches to exploration of growth, new employment, enhancement of endogenous resources, among others.
These processes comprise of energizing mechanisms to promote local entrepreneurship and keep alive the community and their cultural identities, leading by Arocena (1995), the road that goes from cultural to economic, "Where the need for create wealth and safeguard natural resources, the urgency to create jobs and meet the essential needs of the population.
According to Di Pietro (2001), there is no definition local development only or exclusive, so that presents some considerations about it, that of Boisier who notes that there is confusion in its meaning, since it is a practice without theory and has at least three points of origin in response to macroeconomic crisis and the adjustment of the countries on the other side as a dialectical global / local, and ultimately, as a logical expression of horizontal adjustment. For its part Vásquez, defines highlighting the economic and partnerships between sectors.
addition, Coraggio (1999) states that all local development process must be supported from the perspective of endogenous conditions and comprehensive to mobilize financial resources without degrading the environment, skills and individual and collective will of the local society, creating a spirit of dynamism, innovation and expectations to make desirable changes are possible.
From now on all processes, is inserted in the local, national entity analysis, planning and action (Di Pietro, 2001), as pointed out by the municipality and its cities are in the new theater of operations with autonomy and legitimacy democratic, is now the natural agent of development, which require a series of relationships, behaviors, patterns and common conventions articulated by the actors that face up to the universal from its own specificity.
Today, local development is seen as a mechanism for improving local socio-economic empowerment in support of its political autonomy. Reason, it is considered, the municipality in position to create and stimulate economic and social development, so vital is the integration and participation of communities in the deliberations and actions to take (Manual of the Federation of Municipalities , 1999).
is essential that due to changes facing the world, the municipality will organize and plan their actions, not be left to chance the development of peoples, as this ensures community to prepare its plan, to achieve the goals, and most importantly, know the resources available for implementation of actions has to follow, it will, undoubtedly, the ability to establish responsibilities and ensuring successful outcomes. This will
then points out that the City Council has appreciated, from a passive role as service provider to an active role, as manager of innovative environments, becoming also the new center of power and decision, that as result of state reforms and the decentralization process occurred in almost all countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Decentralization understood as a process of distribution of power from the center to the periphery, helps local authorities to assume their own destiny (Velasquez, 2001), almost twenty years after its inception, has been a process and inconsistent, since in most cases, appears as a coexistence of traditional and modern patterns of regulation of insurance state and legitimacy, without a uniform approach to goals. However, undoubtedly offers perspectives to strengthen and enrich a new quality of governance, since it allows, as noted, arguing Albuquerque (2001), providing expertise, resources and responsibilities to different instances authorities, in addition to the mobilization of social actors involved in the process, that everything is referred to theorizing about this style of development, is desirable.
Consequently, despite everything, we must not forget that the success and development of these local processes, the decentralization of government services and responsibilities to regional and local levels, accompanied by an appropriate allocation of funds is a goal fundamental core of the processes required to state reforms. At the same time taking into account the fragile nature of the democratization process of Latin American countries, this can open Pandora's box and create maneuvering clearances and access to resources for elites and traditional interest groups (Vellinga, 1998).
In this article we present the opinion of Gómez (2002) who argues that this process results in a transfer and redistribution of global economic and political power associated with the reorganization of the global economic system and the integration of regional economies to this system through the adoption of schemes of neo-liberal market economies. In another sense, continues to be the author, decentralization has also been seen as a way forward for the democratization of these powers, allowing the realization of institutional changes and civil society participation in the public sphere.
Clearly, decentralization is one of the key ideas which accompanied the attempts of modernization and state reform in Latin America in recent decades.
In this same vein, it should be noted that a key element of these processes and inherent decentralization can not be forgotten, is the participation, as is the instrument to channel social demands, is the complement of mechanisms representation and creation of spaces for citizens to participate directly in decision-making, is a form of individual or collective effort involving rational and intentional individual or group, looking for specific achievements through cooperative behavior (Velasquez, 2001).
To Kliksberg (2002), participation has become the center stage of development, the author endorses this statement noting that community involvement radically change the achievements of the goals of the projects, with concrete results and above traditional schemes. The community can now develop a sense of ownership of projects through their participation, it will mobilize its energies and efforts to ensure that projects move forward and strengthen the likelihood of sustainability.
Finally, it might be noted that participation has become an imperative, a condition of survival, an instrument that opens the dignity and opportunities for development, review or simply as Ice (2002, cited by Kliksberg participation means giving back to the right people it belongs.
addition to these elements can add those presented by Edil (2001) to some extent collide with the above.
Considering the above may be noted that the development of the country if you elect this alternative, would feature than purely economic vision, including highlight: - Valuation of companies, as well as efforts attempted to raise in the economic, social and cultural rights. - Autonomy of decisions and the investigation of endogenous models appropriate to each historical, cultural and ecological. - Satisfaction of human needs. - Importance of participation in the redistribution of the benefits of development.
and mark a transition between traditional and strategies that guide the equitable and ecologically prudent, reconciling humanity with nature in order to respond to the key questions that concern the human condition. Seen thus, this form of development planning can be defined as Progent, PROEmpleo and Pronaturaleza, giving high priority to reducing poverty, increasing productive employment, social integration and environmental regeneration, and therefore, the reform of the state.
In the past decade, local development has been the response of the localities and regions to the great challenges they face and the inadequacy of traditional models of development, state reform and decentralization, proposing outputs to the mobilization of capital, land dynamics, new forms of accumulation, new approaches to exploration of growth, new employment, enhancement of endogenous resources, among others.
These processes comprise of energizing mechanisms to promote local entrepreneurship and keep alive the community and their cultural identities, leading by Arocena (1995), the road that goes from cultural to economic, "Where the need for create wealth and safeguard natural resources, the urgency to create jobs and meet the essential needs of the population.
According to Di Pietro (2001), there is no definition local development only or exclusive, so that presents some considerations about it, that of Boisier who notes that there is confusion in its meaning, since it is a practice without theory and has at least three points of origin in response to macroeconomic crisis and the adjustment of the countries on the other side as a dialectical global / local, and ultimately, as a logical expression of horizontal adjustment. For its part Vásquez, defines highlighting the economic and partnerships between sectors.
addition, Coraggio (1999) states that all local development process must be supported from the perspective of endogenous conditions and comprehensive to mobilize financial resources without degrading the environment, skills and individual and collective will of the local society, creating a spirit of dynamism, innovation and expectations to make desirable changes are possible.
From now on all processes, is inserted in the local, national entity analysis, planning and action (Di Pietro, 2001), as pointed out by the municipality and its cities are in the new theater of operations with autonomy and legitimacy democratic, is now the natural agent of development, which require a series of relationships, behaviors, patterns and common conventions articulated by the actors that face up to the universal from its own specificity.
Today, local development is seen as a mechanism for improving local socio-economic empowerment in support of its political autonomy. Reason, it is considered, the municipality in position to create and stimulate economic and social development, so vital is the integration and participation of communities in the deliberations and actions to take (Manual of the Federation of Municipalities , 1999).
is essential that due to changes facing the world, the municipality will organize and plan their actions, not be left to chance the development of peoples, as this ensures community to prepare its plan, to achieve the goals, and most importantly, know the resources available for implementation of actions has to follow, it will, undoubtedly, the ability to establish responsibilities and ensuring successful outcomes. This will
then points out that the City Council has appreciated, from a passive role as service provider to an active role, as manager of innovative environments, becoming also the new center of power and decision, that as result of state reforms and the decentralization process occurred in almost all countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Decentralization understood as a process of distribution of power from the center to the periphery, helps local authorities to assume their own destiny (Velasquez, 2001), almost twenty years after its inception, has been a process and inconsistent, since in most cases, appears as a coexistence of traditional and modern patterns of regulation of insurance state and legitimacy, without a uniform approach to goals. However, undoubtedly offers perspectives to strengthen and enrich a new quality of governance, since it allows, as noted, arguing Albuquerque (2001), providing expertise, resources and responsibilities to different instances authorities, in addition to the mobilization of social actors involved in the process, that everything is referred to theorizing about this style of development, is desirable.
Consequently, despite everything, we must not forget that the success and development of these local processes, the decentralization of government services and responsibilities to regional and local levels, accompanied by an appropriate allocation of funds is a goal fundamental core of the processes required to state reforms. At the same time taking into account the fragile nature of the democratization process of Latin American countries, this can open Pandora's box and create maneuvering clearances and access to resources for elites and traditional interest groups (Vellinga, 1998).
In this article we present the opinion of Gómez (2002) who argues that this process results in a transfer and redistribution of global economic and political power associated with the reorganization of the global economic system and the integration of regional economies to this system through the adoption of schemes of neo-liberal market economies. In another sense, continues to be the author, decentralization has also been seen as a way forward for the democratization of these powers, allowing the realization of institutional changes and civil society participation in the public sphere.
Clearly, decentralization is one of the key ideas which accompanied the attempts of modernization and state reform in Latin America in recent decades.
In this same vein, it should be noted that a key element of these processes and inherent decentralization can not be forgotten, is the participation, as is the instrument to channel social demands, is the complement of mechanisms representation and creation of spaces for citizens to participate directly in decision-making, is a form of individual or collective effort involving rational and intentional individual or group, looking for specific achievements through cooperative behavior (Velasquez, 2001).
To Kliksberg (2002), participation has become the center stage of development, the author endorses this statement noting that community involvement radically change the achievements of the goals of the projects, with concrete results and above traditional schemes. The community can now develop a sense of ownership of projects through their participation, it will mobilize its energies and efforts to ensure that projects move forward and strengthen the likelihood of sustainability.
Finally, it might be noted that participation has become an imperative, a condition of survival, an instrument that opens the dignity and opportunities for development, review or simply as Ice (2002, cited by Kliksberg participation means giving back to the right people it belongs.
addition to these elements can add those presented by Edil (2001) to some extent collide with the above.
Considering the above may be noted that the development of the country if you elect this alternative, would feature than purely economic vision, including highlight: - Valuation of companies, as well as efforts attempted to raise in the economic, social and cultural rights. - Autonomy of decisions and the investigation of endogenous models appropriate to each historical, cultural and ecological. - Satisfaction of human needs. - Importance of participation in the redistribution of the benefits of development.
and mark a transition between traditional and strategies that guide the equitable and ecologically prudent, reconciling humanity with nature in order to respond to the key questions that concern the human condition. Seen thus, this form of development planning can be defined as Progent, PROEmpleo and Pronaturaleza, giving high priority to reducing poverty, increasing productive employment, social integration and environmental regeneration, and therefore, the reform of the state.
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